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Marshes, reefs, beaches can enhance coastal resilience in the U.S.: NOAA


April 30, 2015   by Canadian Underwriter


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The resilience of coastal communities in the United States to storms, flooding, erosion and other threats can be strengthened when they are protected by natural infrastructure such as marshes, reefs, and beaches or with hybrid approaches, such as a “living shoreline” – a combination of natural habitat and built infrastructure – according to a new study from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Natural “green barriers” help protect this Florida coastline and infrastructure from severe storms and floods (Credit: NOAA)

The study was titled Future of our coasts: The potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure to enhance the resilience of our coastal communities, economies and ecosystems and published in the August 2015 edition of the journal Environmental Science and Policy. It assesses reports and peer-reviewed studies on the strengths and weaknesses of using built infrastructure, such as seawalls or dikes, natural infrastructure, or approaches which combine both. The study focuses on how these approaches help coastal communities reduce their risk of flooding and erosion, as well as additional benefits, and the tradeoffs when decision makers choose one type over another, the NOAA noted in a press release on Wednesday.

“When making coastal protection decisions, it’s important to recognize that built infrastructure only provides benefits when storms are approaching, but natural and hybrid systems provide additional benefits, including opportunities for fishing and recreation, all the time,” said Ariana Sutton-Grier, the study’s lead author and NOAA’s National Ocean Service ecosystem science adviser.

Threats like coastal erosion, storms and flooding can reshape the shoreline and threaten coastal property. With approximately 350,000 houses, business, bridges and other structures located within 500 feet of the nation’s shoreline, erosion is a problem many U.S. coastal communities are addressing, the press release said. [click image below to enlarge]

Examples of coastal defenses including natural infrastructure, managed realignment, and hybrid approaches (Credit: NOAA)

The study noted that in 2012, there were 11 weather and climate billion-dollar disaster events across the United States, including superstorm Sandy, causing 377 deaths and more than US$110 billion in damages. While only two of those were coastal events, Sandy alone was responsible for nearly 60% of the damages, at US$65 billion (the other, Hurricane Isaac, caused US$3 billion in damage). Nationally, these made 2012 the second costliest year on record for weather disasters, the release said. Only 2005, which incurred US$160 billion in damages due in part to four devastating coastal hurricanes, saw more.

“Coastal resiliency and disaster risk reduction have become a national priority, and healthy coastal ecosystems play an important role in building resilient communities,” said Holly Bamford, acting assistant secretary of commerce for conservation and management at NOAA, and co-author of the study. “We know that sea levels are rising and that coastal communities are becoming more vulnerable to extreme weather- and climate-related events. Now is the time to invest in protection to secure our coasts, but we need to make those investments wisely and with a full understanding of the costs and benefits of different approaches.”

The study points out that there is still a need for built approaches in some locations. However, natural or hybrid approaches can be used in many cases.

Coral reefs protect shorelines from currents, waves, and storms. Healthy reefs have rough surfaces and complex structures that slow incoming waves — dissipating much of the force (Credit: NOAA)

Some natural ecosystems can maintain themselves, recovering after storm events and reducing the cost of upkeep, the release said. Natural habitats such as coral reefs, marshes and dunes can act as buffers for waves, storms and floods. Natural ecosystems also can, in many cases, keep pace with sea level rise, while built infrastructure does not adapt to changing conditions.

“There is a lot of potential innovation with hybrid approaches,” said Katya Wowk, NOAA senior social scientist and the third co-author of the study. “Hybrid approaches, using both built and natural infrastructure, often provide more cost-effective flood risk reduction options and alternatives for communities when there is not enough space to use natural coastal protection alone.”

Hybrid approaches, such as combining some habitat restoration with openable flood gates or removable flood walls, provide benefits while also providing more storm and erosion protection than natural approaches alone. “One of the challenging aspects is that these approaches are very new, so we are still learning what works best in which situations and under what circumstances,” said Wowk.

The study authors suggest that every location where hybrid and natural approaches are being implemented provide opportunities for monitoring to learn as much as possible about each approach, including longer-term cost effectiveness. “There is no ‘one size fits all’ solution when it comes to what is best for a community in providing coastal protection from flooding,” said Bamford.


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